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# ÀûÀ» ¾Ë°í ³ª¸¦ ¾Ë¸é ¹éÀü¹é½ÂÀ̶ó´Â ¿¾¸»ÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ·± ÃëÁö¿¡¼­ Ãʱ¹Àû ±ÝÀ¶ÀÚº»ÀÇ ´ëº¯ÁöÀÎ <ÀÌÄÚ³ë¹Ì½ºÆ®>Áö »ç¼³À» ÅëÇØ ÀÚº»Àº 2015³â °æÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾î¶»°Ô Àü¸ÁÇÏ°í ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¾Ë¾Æº¾½Ã´Ù.


°ú°Å ±×¸®°í ¹Ì·¡ ½ÃÁ¦(Past and future tense)


*<ÀÌÄÚ³ë¹Ì½ºÆ®>Áö 2014³â 12¿ù 20ÀÏ-2015³â 1¿ù 2ÀÏÀÚ »ç¼³


2015³â ¼¼°è°æÁ¦´Â 1990³â´ë ÈıâÀÇ °ï¶õÀ» µÇÇ®ÀÌÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù
The world economy in 2015 will carry troubling echoes of the late 1990s


·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ±ÝÀ¶°øȲ, ¼®À¯°ª ÀÎÇÏ¿Í ´Þ·¯ °­¼¼, ½Ç¸®Äܹ븮ÀÇ »õ °ñµå-·¯½Ã(gold rush)1)¿Í ¹Ì±¹ °æÁ¦ÀÇ Àç»ý, µ¶ÀÏ°ú ÀϺ»ÀÇ ¾à¼¼, ºê¶óÁú¿¡¼­ Àεµ³×½Ã¾Æ¿¡ À̸£´Â ½ÅÈï½ÃÀå ³ª¶óµéÀÇ ÅëÈ­°¡Ä¡ Æø¶ô, ¹ÎÁÖ´çÀÌ ÁøÀ» Ä¡°í ÀÖ´Â ¹é¾Ç°ü. ÀÌ°ÍÀº 2015³âÀÇ ¿¹º¸Àΰ¡, 1990³â´ë ÈıâÀÇ ¹¦»çÀΰ¡?
A FINANCIAL crash in Russia; falling oil prices and a strong dollar; a new gold rush in Silicon Valley and a resurgent American economy; weakness in Germany and Japan; tumbling currencies in emerging markets from Brazil to Indonesia; an embattled Democrat in the White House. Is that a forecast of the world in 2015 or portrait of the late 1990s?


ÃÖ±Ù °æÁ¦»çÁ¤ÀÇ Àü°³°¡ ³Ê¹«³ªµµ 2008-09³âÀÇ ½Å¿ë°æ»ö[¹Ì±¹¹ß ±ÝÀ¶°øȲÀ» ¸»ÇÔ/¿ªÀÚ]¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¾ÐµµµÇ¾î ¿Â ³ª¸ÓÁö ¸î ½Ê ³â ÀÌÀü ½Ã±â¿¡ ¾î¶² ÀÏÀÌ ÀϾ´ÂÁö¸¦ Àؾî¹ö¸®±â ½±´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ´«À» µÚ·Î µ¹·Á 15¿© ³â Àü »óȲÀ» µ¹ÀÌÄѺ¸¸é, ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ°í ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇÏÁö ¸»¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö¿¡ °üÇØ ±³ÈÆÀ» ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Recent economic history has been so dominated by the credit crunch of 2008-09 that it is easy to forget what happened in the decades before. But looking back 15 years or so is instructive-in terms of both what to do and what to avoid.


±× ´ç½Ãµµ Áö±Ýó·³, ¹Ì±¹Àº ¡®Ã¢Á¶Àû Æı«¡¯¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â µðÁöÅÐ Çõ¸íÀÇ ¼±µµÀÚ¿´´Ù. ÀÎÅͳÝÀÇ µîÀåÀº ÇѹÙÅÁ Çõ½Å ¿­Ç³À» ³º¾Ò´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¹Ì±¹Àε鿡°Ô Àڱ⠳ª¶óÀÇ ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ ³«°üÀû Àü¸Á¿¡ µµÃëµÇµµ·Ï Çß´Ù. 1999³â¿¡´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ GDP°¡ ¿¬°£ 4% ÀÌ»ó ¼ºÀåÇߴµ¥, ÀÌ·± ¼ºÀå·üÀº ºÎ±¹(Ý£ÏÐ)µé Æò±ÕÀÇ °ÅÀÇ µÎ ¹è¿´´Ù. ½Ç¾÷·üÀº 4%·Î ¶³¾îÁ³´Âµ¥, ÀÌ°ÍÀº 30³â ¸¸¿¡ ÃÖÀúÄ¡¿´´Ù. ¿Ü±¹ÀÎ ÅõÀÚÀÚµéÀÇ µ·ÀÌ ¸ô·Áµé¾î¿Ô°í, ÀÌ°ÍÀº ´Þ·¯ °¡Ä¡¿Í Áֽð¡°Ý µÑ ´Ù ²ø¾î¿Ã·È´Ù. S&P 500 ÁÖ°¡Áö¼ö2)´Â ¼öÀÍÀÇ °ÅÀÇ 30¹è·Î ¿Ã¶ú°í2), ±â¼úÁÖµéÀÇ ÁÖ°¡´Â ¹ÌÃÄ ³¯¶Ù¾ú´Ù.
Then, as now, the United States was in the vanguard of a disruptive digital revolution. The advent of the internet spawned a burst of innovation and euphoria about America's prospects. By 1999 GDP was rising by more than 4% a year, almost twice the rich-country average. Unemployment fell to 4%, a 30 year low. Foreign investors piled in, boosting both the dollar and share prices. The S&P 500 index rose to almost 30 times earnings; tech stocks went wild.


Áö±Ýµµ ±×·¸µíÀÌ ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­ÀÇ ³«°üÁÖÀÇ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ³ª¶óµé¿¡¼­ ºñ°üÁÖÀÇ¿Í ±Ø¸íÇÏ°Ô ´ëÁ¶¸¦ ÀÌ·ç°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀϺ» °æÁ¦´Â 1997³â¿¡ µðÇ÷¹À̼Ç3) ´ËÀ¸·Î ¹Ì²ô·¯Á®³»·Á ¹ö·È´Ù. µ¶ÀÏÀº ¡°À¯·´ÀÇ È¯ÀÚ¡±¿´°í, µ¶ÀÏ ±â¾÷µéÀº °æÁ÷µÈ ³ëµ¿½ÃÀå°ú ±× ¹ÛÀÇ °íºñ¿ëÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ÀÇ¿åÀÌ À§ÃàµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±Þ¼ºÀåÀ» °è¼ÓÇØ ¿Â ½ÅÈï½ÃÀåµéÀº À§±â¿¡ óÇØ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 1997³â¿¡¼­ 1999³â »çÀÌ¿¡ ű¹¿¡¼­ ºê¶óÁú¿¡ À̸£´Â ¿©·¯ ½ÅÈï½ÃÀåµéÀº ¿Ü±¹ÀÚº»ÀÌ ÀÌÅ»ÇÏ°í ´Þ·¯Ç¥½Ã ºÎ並 °±À» ¼ö ¾ø°Ô µÇ¸é¼­ ÅëÈ­°¡Ä¡ Æø¶ôÀ» °Þ¾ú´Ù.
The optimism in America stood in stark contrast to gloom elsewhere, as it does today. Japan's economy had slipped into deflation in 1997. Germany was "the sick man of Europe", its firms held back by rigid labour markets and other nigh costs. Emerging markets, having soared ahead, were in crisis: between 1997 and 1999 countries from Thailand to Brazil saw their currencies crash as foreign capital fled and dollar-denominated debts proved unpayable.


°á±¹, ¹Ì±¹ ¿ª½Ã °ï¶õ¿¡ ºüÁö°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. 2000³â ÃÊ¿¡ ±â¼úÁÖ °ÅÇ°ÀÌ ÅÍÁ³°í, ÀÌ°ÍÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¸¹Àº ÁֽĵéÀÇ °¡°ÝÀ» ¶³¾î¶ß·È´Ù. ±â¾÷ÀÇ ÅõÀÚ°¡, ƯÈ÷ ±â¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÅõÀÚ°¡ °¡¶ó¾É¾Ò´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÁÖ°¡°¡ Ç϶ôÇϸ鼭 ¼ÒºñÀÚµéÀº Áö°©À» ´Ý¾Ò´Ù. ±× °á°ú 2001³â ÃÊ¿¡ À̸£ÀÚ ¿©Å¸ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ºÎ±¹µé°ú ÇÔ²² ¹Ì±¹±îÁöµµ °æ±âħü·Î ¹Ì²ô·¯Á® ³»·Á°¬´Ù. ºñ·Ï °¡º­¿î ħüÀ̱â´Â ÇßÁö¸¸ ¸»ÀÌ´Ù.
Eventually, America ran into trouble too. The tech-stock bubble burst in early 2000, promoting a broader share price slump. Business investment, particularly in technology, sank; and as share prices fell, consumers cut back. By early 2001 America, along with most of the rich world, had slipped into recession, albeit a mild one.


°­´ëÇÑ ³ª¶ó, ¹Ì±¹
America the powerful


¼­·Î ºñ°ß(ÝïÌ·)µÇ´Â °ÍµéÀÌ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ °°À» ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ºÒ°¡ÇÇÇÏ´Ù. ÇöÀ縦 °ú°Å¿¡ ºñ°ßÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÒ ¶§, °¡Àå Å« Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ³ª´Â ³ª¶ó´Â Áß±¹ÀÌ´Ù. Áß±¹Àº 1999³â¿¡´Â ´Ü¿ª¿¡ ºÒ°úÇßÀ¸³ª Áö±ÝÀº ¼¼°è¿¡¼­ µÎ ¹ø°·Î ±Ô¸ð°¡ Å« °æÁ¦·Î¼­ ¼¼°è°æÁ¦ ¼ºÀå¿¡ µÎµå·¯Áö°Ô Å« ±â¿©¸¦ ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Áö±Ý ÇöÀç, 1999³â ´ç½Ã ¼¼°è°æÁ¦¸¦ ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú°í Áö±Ýµµ ¶È°°ÀÌ ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤È­ ÀÛ¿ëÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â, ¼¼ °³ÀÇ µ¿ÇâÀÌ ÀÛµ¿ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
Inevitably the parallels are not perfect. The biggest difference is China, a bit-part player in 1999 and now the world's second-biggest economy, contributing disproportionately to global growth. But there are three trends at work that destabilized the world economy then and could do the same now.


ù°·Î °æÁ¦¼ºÀåÀÌ °¡¼ÓµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ¹Ì±¹°ú °æÁ¦¼ºÀåÀÌ °¨¼ÓµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ¿©Å¸ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ³ª¶óµé »çÀÌ¿¡ °£°ÝÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. 1990³â´ë Èı⿡, ´ç½Ã ¹Ì±¹ À繫ºÎ ºÎÀå°üÀÌ´ø ·¡¸® ¼­¸Ó½º´Â ¼¼°è°æÁ¦°¡ ¡°ÇϳªÀÇ ¿£ÁøÀ¸·Î ³¯°í ÀÖ´Ù¡±°í °æ°íÇß´Ù. 2015³âÀÇ °æ¿ì, <ÀÌÄÚ³ë¹Ì½ºÆ®>ÁöÀÇ °æ±â¿¹Ãø À§¿ø´ÜÀº ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ 3% ¼ºÀåÇÒ ¿¹Á¤Àε¥ ºñÇØ ÀϺ»°ú À¯·Î-Á¸Àº 1.1% ¼ºÀå¿¡ ±×Ä¥ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¿¹»óÇß´Ù. ±×¸®°í Áß±¹ÀÇ ¼ºÀå·üÀº ¾à 7% ¾ÈÆÆÀ¸·Î ¶³¾îÁúÁö ¸ð¸¥´Ù°í ³»´ÙºÃ´Ù.
The first is the gap between America, where growth accelerating, and almost everywhere else, where it is slowing. In the late 1990s Larry Summers, then the us deputy treasury secretary, warned that the world economy was "flying on one engine". For 2015 The Economist's panel of forecasters expects 3% growth in America, compared with 1.1% in Japan and the euro-area. China's growth rate may fall to around 7%.


¹Ì±¹ »ç¶÷µéÀº 1990³â´ë Èıâó·³ ³ª¶óµé °£ÀÇ ³«°ü·Ð °£°ÝÀº ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤´çÈ­µÈ´Ù°í ½º½º·Î À§¾ÈÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­´Â 1999³â ÀÌ·¡ ¾î´À ¶§º¸´Ùµµ ºü¸£°Ô ÀÏÀÚ¸®°¡ âÃâµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. À¯°¡ÀÇ Àú·ÅÈ­´Â ÀÌ¹Ì ¼ÒºñÀÚµéÀÇ ÁöÃâÀ» ºÏµ¸¿ì°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±â¾÷ ÅõÀÚµµ ÀÌ¹Ì È¸º¹µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ÂÅë ÁÁÀº ¼Ò½Ä¸¸ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. À¯°¡ Ç϶ôÀº 2015³â¿¡ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¼ö¸¹Àº ¼ÎÀÏ°¡½º »ý»êÀÚµéÀ» ÆÄ»êÀ¸·Î ¹Ð¾î¶ß¸± ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¹Ý¸é, °­ÇÑ ´Þ·¯¿Í ¿©Å¸ ¿Ü±¹ ÅëÈ­µéÀÇ ¾à¼¼´Â 15³â Àü¿¡ ±×·¨´ø °Í°ú ²À °°ÀÌ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¼öÃâ¾÷Àڵ鿡°Ô ¼Õ»óÀ» ÀÔÈú °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿µ¾î±ÇÀÇ µÎ ¼±¼ö±Ç-º¸À¯ÀÚ °¡¿îµ¥ ´Ù¸¥ ÇϳªÀÎ ¿µ±¹Àº À¯·Î-Á¸ÀÇ ¾î·Á¿òÀ¸·Î Å« Ÿ°ÝÀ» ¹ÞÀ»Áö ¸ð¸¥´Ù.
Americans can comfort themselves that, as in the late 1990s, the optimism gap is partially warranted. Jobs are being created in their country faster than at any time since 1999, cheap petrol has buoyed consumer spending and business investment has picked up. But the news is not all good: cheaper oil could tip plenty of America's shale producers into bankruptcy in 2015, while a stronger dollar and weakness abroad will hurt exporters-just as they did 15 years ago. Britain, the other Anglosphere champion, may also be clobbered by the euro zone's woes.


1990³â´ë Èıâ¿Í À¯»çÇÑ °ÆÁ¤°Å¸®ÀÇ µÑ°´Â ¹Ì±¹À» »«, ºÎ±¹-¼¼°è(rich world)ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ µÎ °Å´ë-°æÁ¦µé(big economies)ÀÇ Àü¸ÁÀÌ ºÒ±æÇÏ´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. µ¶ÀÏÀÇ °æÁ¦¼ºÀå·üÀº ÀÌ¹Ì 1% ¾ÈÆÆÀ¸·Î Ã߶ôÇØ ¹ö·È´Ù. µ¶ÀÏ¿¡´Â ¶Ç ¿©·¯ ÇØ¿¡ °ÉÄ£ ÀúÅõÀÚ·Î ÀÎÇØ ºÒ¾È°¨ÀÌ ´õ¿í ±í¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¶Ç Àç¾ÓÀûÀÎ ¿¡³ÊÁö Á¤Ã¥ÀÌ ÃßÁøµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í µ¶ÀÏ Á¤ºÎ´Â µ·À» ¾²´Â µ¥ ÀÖ¾î À¯·´¿¬ÇÕ(EU)ÀÌ Á¤ÇÑ ÀçÁ¤-Ÿ±ê4)¿¡ ³Ê¹« ÁýÂøÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ³ª¾Æ°¡ Çö µ¶ÀÏ Á¤ºÎ´Â °Ô¸£Çϸ£Æ® ½´·Ú´õ ÃѸ®°¡ 2003³â¿¡ ½ÃÇàÇÑ °Í°ú °°Àº Á¾·ùÀÇ °ú°¨ÇÑ ±¸Á¶°³Çõ5)À» ¹Ð¾îºÙÀÌ´Â µ¥ ÀÖ¾î À¯±ÇÀÚµéÀÇ ¹Ý¹ßÀ» ³Ê¹« ¹«¼­¿öÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÑÆí, ÀϺ»Àº 1997³â¿¡ ¹üÇß´ø À߸øÀ» µÇÇ®ÀÌÇß´Ù. ³Ê¹« ¼­µÑ·¯ ¼Òºñ¼¼ ¼¼À²À» ÀλóÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ħüÀÇ ´Ë¿¡¼­ ¹þ¾î³ª´Â ÀÏÀ» ¸ÁÃĹö¸° °ÍÀÌ´Ù.6)
The second worrying parallel with the late 1990s is the dismal outlook for the rich world's two other big economies. Germany's growth rate has tumbled to around 1% and there is a deeper malaise caused by years of underinvestment, a disastrous energy policy and a government that is too obsessed by its fiscal targets to spend money and too frightened of its voters tp push though the sort of structural reforms that Gerhard Schrőder implemented in 2003. Meanwhile Japan has repeated the error it made in 1997-thwarting its escape from stagnation with a premature rise in consumption tax.


1990³â´ë ÈıâÀÇ »óȲÀ» µÇÇ®ÀÌÇÏ´Â ¼Â° ÁöÁ¡Àº ½ÅÈï½ÃÀåµéÀÌ À§ÇèÀ» ¾È°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 1990³â´ë Èıâ·Î µÇµ¹¾Æ°¡ º¸¸é, ±× ´ç½Ã ÁÖµÈ ¹®Á¦´Â °íÁ¤È¯À²Á¦¿Í °úÁßÇÑ ¿Üä¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Áö±ÝÀº ¿ÜäºÎ´ãÀÌ ±×¶§º¸´Ù ³·°í, ȯÀ²Àº º¯µ¿È¯À²Á¦À̸ç, ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ³ª¶óµéÀº ¿Üȯº¸À¯°í¸¦ °¡µæ ½×¾Æ³õ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í, °íÀåÀÌ ÀϾ Á¶ÁüÀÌ Á¡Á¡ ´Ã¾î³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù. ·¯½Ã¾Æ°¡ ƯÈ÷ À§Å·ӴÙ. ±×·¯³ª ´Ù¸¥ »óÇ°¼öÃâ±¹[ÀÚº»¼öÃâ±¹ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ/¿ªÀÚ]µé ¿ª½Ã Ãë¾àÇÑ ¸ð½ÀÀ» º¸ÀÌ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ³ª¶óµéÀÌ Æ¯È÷ ±×·¯ÇÏ´Ù. ³ªÀÌÁö¸®¾Æ´Â ¼®À¯°¡ ¼öÃâÀÇ 95%¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇϸç, Á¤ºÎ ¼öÀÔÀÇ 75%¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÑ´Ù. °¡³ª´Â ÀÌ¹Ì IMF¿¡ Áö¿øÀ» ¿äûÇß´Ù. ±× ¹ÛÀÇ ³ª¶óµé¿¡¼­´Â ±â¾÷ ºÎ¹®¿¡ À§ÇèÀÌ µµ»ç¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¹Àº ¼öÀÇ ºê¶óÁú ±â¾÷ÀÌ °úÁßÇÑ ´Þ·¯ºÎ並 Áö´Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù. ºó¹ßÇÏ´Â ±â¾÷ºÎµµ´Â 1990³â´ë µ¿¾Æ½Ã¾Æ ³ª¶óµéÀÇ ¿¬¼âÀû ±¹°¡ºÎä À§±âµé¿¡ ºñÇØ ´ú Àå¾öÇÑ »çÅ·Π³¡³¯Áö ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±â¾÷ºÎµµÀÇ ºó¹ßÀº ÅõÀÚÀÚµéÀ» °Ì¸Ô°Ô ÇÏ°í, ´Þ·¯ °¡Ä¡¸¦ ¹Ð¾î ¿Ã¸± °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
The third echo of the 1990s is the danger in emerging markets. Back then the problem was fixed exchange rates and hefty foreign debt. Now the debts are lower, the exchange rates float and most governments have built up reserves. Still, there are growing signs of trouble, especially in Russia(see next leader). But other commodity exporters also look vulnerable, especially in Africa. Oil accounts for 95% of Nigeria's exports and 75% of its government revenue. Ghana has already gone to the IMF for support. In other countries the danger lies in the corporate sector. Many Brazilian firms are heavily in debted in dollars. A rash of corporate defaults may prove less spectacular than Asia's sovereign-debt crises in the 1990s, but they
will make investors nervous and push up dollar.


ºÎÀÛ¿ëÀ» µÎ·Á¿öÇ϶ó
Fear the hangover


ÀÌ ¼¼ ÁöÁ¡À» ¸ðµÎ ÇÕÃļ­ º¸¸é, 2015³â ¼¼°è°æÁ¦´Â ³­±â·ù¿¡ ÈÛ½ÎÀÏ °Í °°´Ù. ¼Ò½ÉÇÑ ¸ÅµµÀÚ(bears)µéÀº7) ´Þ·¯ ±Þµî, À¯·Î-Á¸ÀÇ È°·Â »ó½Ç, ±×¸®°í ¸î¸î ½ÅÈï±¹µéÀÇ À§±â°¡ °á±¹ ¹Ì±¹°æÁ¦ÀÇ Ä§Ã¼¸¦ À¯¹ßÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â ÂÊ¿¡ º£ÆÃÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ý¸é ¸Å¼öÀÚµéÀº ÁֽĽÃÀåÀÌ 1990³â´ë °°Àº °ÅÇ°Åõ¼ºÀÌ´Â ¾Æ´Ï¶ó°í º»´Ù. S&P 500ÀÇ ÁÖ°¡¼öÀÍ·ü[°¢ÁÖ 3)À» ÂüÁ¶/¿ªÀÚ]Àº 18·Î¼­ °ú°ÅÀÇ Æò±ÕÄ¡º¸´Ù Å©°Ô ³ôÀº ÆíÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ºñ·Ï ´Ù¼öÀÇ °Å´ë ÇÏÀÌÅ×Å© ȸ»çµéÀÌ ¹«¸ðÇÏ°Ô ÅõÀÚÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸³ª, ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ È¸»çµéÀº ´ëÂ÷´ëÁ¶Ç¥°¡ ±×¸® ³ª»ÚÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ±×¸®°í Àü ¼¼°è ±ÝÀ¶½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ Â÷ÀÔÅõÀÚ(·¹¹ö¸®Áö)ÀÇ ºñÁßÀº Áö³­¹øº¸´Ù ´úÇϸç, µû¶ó¼­ ±ÝÀ¶¡¤¿Üȯ À§±âÀÇ Àü¿°¿¡ ´ú Ãë¾àÇÏ´Ù. 1998³â¿¡´Â ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ µðÆúÆ®8)°¡ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ °Å´ë ÇìÁöÆÝµå °¡¿îµ¥ ÇϳªÀΡ¸·ÕÅÒ-ijÇÇÅÐ-¸Å´ÏÁö¸ÕÆ®(LTCM: Long-term Capital Management)¡¹¸¦ ¾²·¯¶ß·È´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Áö±ÝÀº ±× °°Àº ¿¬¼âÈ¿°ú°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÒ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ±× ´ç½Ã¿¡ ºñÇØ ÈξÀ Àû´Ù.
Add all this up and 2015 seems likely to be bumpy. Bears will bet that a surging dollar coupled with euro-zone torpor and a few emerging-market crises will eventually prompt a downturn in America. On the plus side, stock markets do not look as frothy as they did in the 1990s: the price/earnings ratio of the s&p 500 is 18, not far above its historical average. Although many big tech firms are investing recklessly, most have decent balance-sheets(see page 93). And the global financial system is less leveraged and hence less vulnerable to contagion. In 1998 Russia's default felled LTCM, a big American hedge fund. Such knock-on effects are less likely today.


±×·¯³ª ¼¼°è°æÁ¦°¡ ¹ßÀ» Çêµðµ®¼­ ³Ñ¾îÁø´Ù¸é, À̹ø ȸ(¶ó¿îµå)¿¡´Â ¾ÈÁ¤À» ȸº¹ÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀÌ Áö³­¹ø ȸ(¶ó¿îµå)¿¡¼­º¸´Ù ´õ Èûµé °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé À̹ø¿¡´Â Á¤Ã¥-¼ö¸³°¡µéÀÌ ¹¦Ã¥À» ±¸»çÇÒ ¿©Áö°¡ °ÅÀÇ ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. Áö³­ 1999³âÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ°¡ º¸¸é, ¿¬¹æÁغñÁ¦µµÀÌ»çȸ(¿¬ÁØ)ÀÇ ±âÁرݸ®´Â 5% ³»¿Ü¿´À¸¸ç, µû¶ó¼­ °æ±â°¡ ÈÄÅðÇÒ ¶§ ±âÁرݸ®¸¦ ³»¸± ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÆøÀÌ ³Ð¾ú´Ù. ¹Ý¸é, Áö±ÝÀº ºÎ±¹-¼¼°è9)ÀÇ ¸ðµç ³ª¶ó¿¡¼­ ±âÁرݸ®°¡ 0¿¡ °¡±î¿î ÃÊÀú±Ý¸®´Ù.
But if the world economy does stumble, restoring stability will be harder this time round because policymakers have so little room for manoeuvre. Back in 1999 the Federal Reserve's policy rate was around 5%, leaving plenty of scope for cutting when the economy slowed. Nowadays interest rates all over the rich world are close to zero.


Á¤Ä¡Àû »çÁ¤ ¿ª½Ã ±× ´ç½Ã¿Í ´Ù¸¥µ¥, ÁÁÀº ÂÊÀ¸·Î°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ³ª»Û ÂÊÀ¸·Î ´Ù¸£´Ù. 1990³â´ë ¸»¿¡´Â ºÎ±¹-¼¼°è¿¡¼­´Â ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ±¹¹ÎµéÀÌ È£°æ±âÀÇ °ú½ÇÀ» ´©·È´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ½ÇÁúÀÓ±ÝÀº Áß¾Ó°ª10)À¸·Î °è»êÇؼ­ 1995³â¿¡¼­ 2000³â »çÀÌ¿¡ 7.7% »ó½ÂÇß´Ù. ¹Ý¸é, 2007³â ÀÌÈÄ ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­´Â ½ÇÁúÀÓ±ÝÀÌ ÀüÇô ¿À¸£Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿µ±¹°ú À¯·Î-Á¸ÀÇ ¸¹Àº ³ª¶ó¿¡¼­´Â ½ÇÁúÀÓ±ÝÀÌ ¿ÀÈ÷·Á Ç϶ôÇß´Ù. ºÎ±¹-¼¼°èÀÇ ¸ðµç ³ª¶óµé¿¡¼­ À¯±ÇÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ¹Ì Àڱ⠳ª¶ó Á¤ºÎ¸¦ ¸¶¶àÂú°Ô »ý°¢ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ³ôÀº ÅõÇ¥À²¿¡¼­ ±×¸®°í À¯±ÇÀÚµéÀÌ ±º¼Ò ÀúÇ×-Á¤´çµé¿¡°Ô ±â²¨ÀÌ Ç¥¸¦ ÁÖ·Á°í ÇÏ´Â µ¥¼­ È®ÀεȴÙ. ³»³â¿¡ ±×µéÀ» ´õ Áã¾î§´Ù¸é ±×µéÀÇ ºÒ¸¸Àº ºÐ³ë·Î º¯ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °æÁ¦ÀÇ ¸é¿¡¼­´Â 2015³âÀÌ 1990³â´ë Èıâ¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÑ ¸ð½ÀÀÏÁö ¸ð¸£Áö¸¸, Á¤Ä¡´Â ¾Æ¸¶ 1990³â´ëº¸´Ù »ó´çÇÑ Á¤µµ ´õ ³ª»Ü °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
The political scene is also different, and not in a good way. At the end of the 1990s most people in the rich world had enjoyed the fruits of the boom: median American wages rose by 7.7% in real terms in 1995-2000. Since 2007, by contrast, they have been flat in America, and have fallen in Britain and much of the euro zone. All over the rich world voters are already grumpy with their governments, as polling numbers and their willingness to vote for protest parties show. If they are squeezed next year discontent will turn to anger, The economics of 2015 may look


similar to the late 1990s, but the politics will probably be rather worse.





* ÀÌÇÏÀÇ °¢ÁÖ´Â ¿ªÀÚ°¡ ºÙÀÎ °ÍÀÓ.


1) »õ·Î ¹ß°ßµÈ ±Ý ¸ÅÀåÁö·Î ÇѸò º¸·Á´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °©Àڱ⠸ô·Áµå´Â °Í. 19¼¼±â Áß¹Ý ¹Ì±¹ Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ¿¡ »ç±ÝÀ» ij±â À§ÇØ ¼ö½Ê¸¸ ¸íÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¸ô·Áµé¾ú´ø µ¥¼­ ¿¬¿øÇÏ´Â ¸»ÀÌ´Ù. ¾Æ·¡´Â ¡ººê¸®Å´ÏÄ¿ ¿Â¶óÀÎ ¹é°ú»çÀü¡»¿¡¼­ Àοë.


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2) ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¡¸½ºÅÄ´õµå ¾Øµå Ǫ¾î(Standard & Poor)¡¹»ç°¡ ÀÛ¼ºÇØ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ´Â ÁÖ°¡Áö¼ö·Î, 1957³â¿¡ µµÀԵŠ´Ù¿ìÁ¸½ºÁö¼ö¿Í ½Öº®À» ÀÌ·ç°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¡¸½ºÅÄ´õµå ¾Øµå Ǫ¾î¡¹»ç°¡ ±â¾÷±Ô¸ð¡¤À¯µ¿¼º¡¤»ê¾÷-´ëÇ¥¼ºÀ» °¨¾ÈÇÏ¿© ¼±Á¤ÇÑ º¸ÅëÁÖ 500 Á¾¸ñÀ» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ÀÛ¼ºÇØ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ´Â °ø¾÷Áö¼ö·Î¼­, ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ È°¿ëµÇ´Â ´ëÇ¥Àû Áö¼öÀÌ´Ù.


2) ÁÖ°¡¼öÀÍ·ü[¡®ÁÖ´ç ½ÃÀå°¡°Ý ¡À ÁÖ´ç ¼øÀÌÀÍ¡¯ ºñÀ². price-earnings ratio(PER)]ÀÌ 30ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀε¥, ÁÖ´ç ¼öÀÍ¿¡ ºñÇØ ÁÖ°¡°¡ 30¹è¶ó´Â ¼öÄ¡´Â ¸Å¿ì ³ôÀº °ÍÀ¸·Î¼­ ÁÖ°¡¿¡ °ÅÇ°ÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ ³¢¾úÀ½À» ¶æÇÑ´Ù.


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4) ±¹°¡ºÎä´Â ±¹³»ÃÑ»ý»ê(GDP)ÀÇ 60%, ÀçÁ¤ÀûÀÚ´Â 3% À̳»·Î Ãà¼ÒÇÏ´Â °Í. À¯·´°øµ¿Ã¼°¡ ½ÃÀåÅëÇÕÀ» ³Ñ¾î °æÁ¦¡¤Á¤Ä¡ ÅëÇÕÀÎ À¯·´¿¬ÇÕÀ¸·Î ³ª¾Æ°¡±â À§ÇØ 1992³â¿¡ ü°áÇÑ ¡®¸¶½ºÆ®¸®È÷Æ® Á¶¾à¡¯¿¡¼­ ÇÕÀÇÇÑ ³»¿ëÀÌ´Ù.


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6) ÀϺ»ÀÇ ¼Òºñ¼¼´Â ¿ì¸®³ª¶ó ºÎ°¡°¡Ä¡¼¼¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀε¥, ¾Æº£ Á¤±ÇÀº Áö³­ 4¿ù ¼Òºñ¼¼ ¼¼À²À» 5%¿¡¼­ 8%·Î ÀλóÇß´Ù. ±× °á°ú ȸº¹ Á¶ÁüÀ» º¸ÀÌ´ø °æÁ¦¼ºÀåÀÌ 2, 3 µÎ ºÐ±â ¿¬¼Ó ¸¶À̳ʽº·Î µ¹¾Æ¼¹´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ ¾Æº£ Á¤±ÇÀº °æ±â¸¦ ȸº¹Çϱâ À§ÇØ ¿¬°£ 60~70Á¶ ¿£ÀÇ ¾çÀû¿ÏÈ­¸¦ 10~20Á¶ ´õ ´Ã¿© 80Á¶ ¿£À¸·Î ¿Ã¸®´Â Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ ¾çÀû¿ÏÈ­ ½Ç½Ã¿Í ´õºÒ¾î 2015³â 10¿ù·Î Á¤ÇØÁ® ÀÖ´ø ¼Òºñ¼¼ Ãß°¡Àλó(8%¿¡¼­ 10%·Î)À» ÃßÈÄ·Î ¹Ì·ç±â·Î Çß´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± Á¤Ã¥À» °ø¾àÀ¸·Î ÁßÀÇ¿øÀ» ÇØ»êÇÏ°í ÃѼ±À» Ä¡·¶´Ù. ÃѼ±¿¡¼­ ÀڹδçÀº °³Çå¼±(Àüü ÀǼ®ÀÇ 2/3)¿¡ ±ÙÁ¢ÇÏ´Â ÀǼ®À» Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â ¾Ð½ÂÀ» Çß°í, Àڹδ硤°ø¸í´ç Áý±Ç¿¬¸³ÀÇ ÀǼ®Àº °³Çå¼±À» ³Ñ¾î¼¹´Ù.


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10) median. ÁßÀ§¼ö¶ó°íµµ ¿Å±ä´Ù.

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